Design, Monitoring and Operation of Adaptive Networked Embedded Systems
The DEMANES project provided component-based methods, frameworks, and tools for developing runtime adaptive systems. These systems can react to changes in themselves, their environment, and user needs. Addressing major societal challenges requires large-scale monitoring and control solutions, and technological advancements make it possible to design and build these systems. However, a versatile methodology was needed to design and implement them. DEMANES aimed to model the architecture and operation of adaptive systems and support the design process. The project incorporated recent advances in systems and control engineering. The concept, methodology, and tools developed in DEMANES were validated and demonstrated in three use cases: smart urban transport, smart airports, and smart homes.
The deployment of the nodes in a Wireless Sensor and Actuator Network (WSAN) is typically restricted by the sensing and acting coverage. This implies that the locations of the nodes may be, and usually are, not optimal from the point of view of the radio communication. Additionally, when the transmission power is tuned for those locations, there are other unpredictable factors that can cause connectivity failures, like interferences, signal fading due to passing objects and, of course, radio irregularities. A control-based self-adaptive system is a typical solution to improve the energy consumption while keeping good connectivity. In this paper, we explore how the communication range for each node evolves along the iterations of an energy saving self-adaptive transmission power controller when using different parameter sets in an outdoor scenario, providing a WSAN that automatically adapts to surrounding changes keeping good connectivity. The results obtained in this paper show how the parameters with the best performance keep a k-connected network, where k is in the range of the desired node degree plus or minus a specified tolerance value.
@article{LucasMartinez2016,title={Communication {{Range Dynamics}} and {{Performance Analysis}} for a {{Self-Adaptive Transmission Power Controller}}},author={{Lucas-Mart{\'i}nez}, N{\'e}stor and {Mart{\'i}nez-Ortega}, Jos{\'e}-Fern{\'a}n and {Hern{\'a}ndez-D{\'i}az}, Vicente and {del Toro Matamoros}, Ra{\'u}l},year={2016},month=may,date={2016-05-12},journal={Sensors},volume={16},number={5},pages={684},issn={1424-8220},doi={10.3390/s16050684},urldate={2022-11-03},copyright={CC BY 4.0},langid={english},dimensions={true},google_scholar_id={Y0pCki6q_DkC}}
Néstor Lucas Martínez received the highest qualification, “Matrícula de Honor”, for his Master Thesis.
Among the design goals for future networks, including next generation networks, we can find the energy consumption and the connectivity. These two goals are of special relevance when dealing with constrained networks. That is the case of Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN). These networks consist of devices with low or very low processing capabilities. They also depend on batteries for their operation. Thus energy optimization becomes a very important issue. Several proposals have been made for optimizing the energy consumption in this kind of networks. Perhaps the best known are those based on the coordinated planning of active and sleep intervals. They are indeed one of the most effective ways to extend the lifetime of the batteries. The proposal presented in this work uses a probabilistic approach to control the connectivity of a network. The underlying idea is that it is highly probable that the network will have a good connectivity if all the nodes have a minimum number of neighbors. By using some mechanism to reach that number, we hope that we can preserve the connectivity with a lower energy consumption compared to the required one if a fixed transmission power is used to achieve a similar connectivity. The mechanism must have the smallest footprint possible on the devices being used in order to be efficient. Therefore a fuzzy control based self-adaptive system is proposed. This work includes the design and implementation of the described system. It also has been validated in a real scenario deployment. We have obtained results supporting that there exist configurations where it is possible to get a good connectivity saving energy when compared to the use of a fixed transmission power for a similar connectivity.
@phdthesis{LucasMartinezMScThesis2016,type={{{MSc Thesis}}},title={Development of a {{Fuzzy Control Based Self-Adaptive System}} for {{Energy Saving}} in {{Constrained Networks}} for the {{Internet}} of {{Things}}},author={{Lucas-Mart{\'i}nez}, N{\'e}stor},year={2016},month=feb,date={2016-02-22},address={Madrid, Spain},copyright={CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},langid={english},school={Universidad Polit{\'e}cnica de Madrid},keywords={No DOI found},google_scholar_id={IjCSPb-OGe4C},}
The deployment of the nodes in a Wireless Sensors and Actuators Network (WSAN) is typically restricted by the sensing and acting coverage. This implies that the locations of the nodes may be, and usually are, not optimal from the point of view of the radio communication. And also when the transmission power is tuned for those locations, there are other unpredictable factors that can cause connectivity failures, like interferences, signal fading due to passing objects, and of course, radio irregularities. A control based self-adaptive system is a typical solution to improve the energy consumption while keeping a good connectivity. In this paper, we explore how the communication range for each node evolves along the iterations of an energy saving self-adaptive transmission power controller when using different parameter sets in an outdoor scenario, providing a WSAN that automatically adapts to surrounding changes keeping a good connectivity. The results obtained in this paper show how the parameters with the best performance keep a k-connected network, where k is in the range of the desired node degree plus or minus a specified tolerance value. In addition, the worst performance shows how a bad parameters choice can create isolated islands, groups of nodes disconnected from the rest of the network
@inproceedings{LucasMartinezECSA2015,title={Communication {{Range Dynamics Using}} an {{Energy Saving Self-Adaptive Transmission Power Controller}} in a {{Wireless Sensor Network}}},booktitle={Proceedings of 2nd {{International Electronic Conference}} on {{Sensors}} and {{Applications}}},author={{Lucas-Mart{\'i}nez}, N{\'e}stor and {Mart{\'i}nez-Ortega}, Jos{\'e}-Fern{\'a}n and {Hern{\'a}ndez-D{\'i}az}, Vicente and {del Toro Matamoros}, Ra{\'u}l},year={2015},month=nov,date={2015-11-10},pages={6},publisher={MDPI},address={Sciforum.net},doi={10.3390/ecsa-2-D006},urldate={2022-11-03},copyright={CC BY 4.0},langid={english},slides=https://sciforum.net/paper/download/3223/slides}
The solutions to cope with new challenges that societies have to face nowadays involve providing smarter daily systems. To achieve this, technology has to evolve and leverage physical systems automatic interactions, with less human intervention. Technological paradigms like Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are providing reference models, architectures, approaches and tools that are to support cross-domain solutions. Thus, CPS based solutions will be applied in different application domains like e-Health, Smart Grid, Smart Transportation and so on, to assure the expected response from a complex system that relies on the smooth interaction and cooperation of diverse networked physical systems. The Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) are a well-known wireless technology that are part of large CPS. The WSN aims at monitoring a physical system, object, (e.g., the environmental condition of a cargo container), and relaying data to the targeted processing element. The WSN communication reliability, as well as a restrained energy consumption, are expected features in a WSN. This paper shows the results obtained in a real WSN deployment, based on SunSPOT nodes, which carries out a fuzzy based control strategy to improve energy consumption while keeping communication reliability and computational resources usage among boundaries.
@article{HernandezDiaz2015,title={Self-{{Adaptive Strategy Based}} on {{Fuzzy Control Systems}} for {{Improving Performance}} in {{Wireless Sensors Networks}}},author={{Hern{\'a}ndez-D{\'i}az}, Vicente and {Mart{\'i}nez-Ortega}, Jos{\'e}-Fern{\'a}n and {Lucas-Mart{\'i}nez}, N{\'e}stor and Del Toro Matamoros, Ra{\'u}l M.},year={2015},month=sep,date={2015-09-18},journal={Sensors},volume={15},number={9},pages={24125--24142},issn={1424-8220},doi={10.3390/s150924125},urldate={2022-11-03},copyright={CC BY 4.0},langid={english},dimensions={true},google_scholar_id={zYLM7Y9cAGgC},}
